The pros and cons of banking umbilical cord blood
Medscape Sep 1, 2007
For a few parents, saving their newborns’ umbilical cord blood is good insurance. For most, they shouldn’t bank on it.
Expecting parents often ask pediatricians for advice about umbilical cord banking. This procedure has become widely available, and private cord blood banks have aggressively promoted their services. Pediatricians should be familiar with the controversies surrounding public versus private umbilical cord blood banking, as well as the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
A brief overview
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a rich source of hematologic stem cells, which can reconstitute bone marrow in the treatment of dozens of malignancies. It can also be used to treat numerous hematologic, metabolic, and immunologic disorders. Cord blood transplantation has numerous advantages over bone marrow transplantation. It is more readily accessible, carries less risk of transmitting disease, and is less likely to produce a graft-versus-host reaction that may compromise the transplant. Perhaps most importantly, it is more likely to produce a successful engraftment when transplantation is performed with partially mismatched HLA (human leukocyte antigens) grafts.
To date, over 6,000 successful umbilical cord blood transplants have been performed. This has produced one-year survival rates as high as 90% with HLA sibling-matched cord blood stem cell transplants, and as high as 80% with unrelated cord blood stem cells.
One disadvantage of umbilical cord blood transplants is that they are slower to engraft, compared to marrow transplants. In addition, the amount of useable blood that can be collected following a birth of a child is usually a tenth of what can be collected from a typical adult bone marrow harvest. This limits UCB transplants to children, adolescents and small adults. However, if ongoing research with combined cord blood units proves successful, eventually UCB transplants may one day be used routinely for adults as well.
Public vs. private banks
The first unrelated public cord blood banking program was started at the New York Blood Center in 1992. Today there are dozens of public cord blood banks available. In 2005 Congress passed the “Stem Cell Therapeutic and Research Act,” which funded and tasked the Health Resource and Services Administration to develop a national public cord blood banking program with 150,000 cord blood donations over five years. A complete list of public cord blood banks appears on the National Bone Marrow Donor Program Web site at www.mar row.org. There is one public program at the Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute that accepts directed donations—all other public banks recruit units for unrelated recipients.3
Patients wishing to donate umbilical cord blood to a public bank are subjected to a rigorous screening process, which includes an extremely thorough family history to exclude familial hematologic and immunologic abnormalities. Patients may not donate if there is a history of exposure to live virus vaccines within three months of delivery, exposure to drugs of abuse, high-risk sexual activity, a tattoo within the last year, or if they are a medication-dependent diabetic.
Private banks
In addition to public cord banks, there are many private banks that encourage parents to store umbilical cord blood. This blood could be used for autologous transplantation should the child develop a medical condition amenable to such treatment, or for directed or allogeneic use by a sibling or parent with a condition such as hemoglobinopathy, marrow failure syndrome, congenital immunodeficiency, or metabolic disorder. Private cord banks charge up to $1,800 for the initial collection and processing, and approximately $150 per year for storage.3
There is much controversy surrounding private cord banks that claim autologous cord banking is a form of “biological insurance” that can be used by the child in future. While cord blood does contain pluripotent stem cells that can differentiate into other tissue types, the utility of such cells in conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease are still being investigated. There is a possibility that autologous cord blood transplantation may be beneficial in these or other disorders, but it is still speculation.1 Overall, the estimated chance of an individual needing an autologous transplant of umbilical cord blood is 1:2,700.3 It should also be noted that oncologists who treat leukemic children avoid autologous transplants of cord cells for such patients, because premalignant changes in stem cells are present in the cord blood.
The AAP’s position
In January 2007, the AAP’s Sections on Hematology/Oncology and on Allergy/ Immunology issued a policy statement entitled “Cord Blood Banking for Potential Future Transplantation.”1 The AAP indicated that private cord blood banks have made unsubstantiated claims that storage of umbilical cord blood can and will be an option in the child’s future, should a medical condition develop.
However, AAP does encourage cord banking—private or public—when a sibling in the family has a medical condition that could benefit from cord blood transplantation. Furthermore, the AAP recommends that cord blood donation should be encouraged when the blood is stored for public use. One additional benefit of free public donation, beyond expanding the pool of UCB that can be used by individuals in need, is that all cord blood is tested for chromosomal abnormalities, infectious diseases, and hemoglobinopathies. The parents are notified if any are detected.
How are public or private donations arranged?
There are a limited number of hospitals nationwide that routinely collect UCB for donation to a public bank. These are listed on www.marrow.org. However, if a participating hospital is not available in your area and parents wish to contribute their UCB to a public bank, they may contact CryoBanks International. Enrollment of mothers must be completed by the end of the 35th week of pregnancy and involves filling out a comprehensive family history/health questionnaire and signing a consent form indicating:
• That she gives permission for her blood and the cord blood to be tested for pathogens, and she agrees to provide a family history to the bank
• That she acknowledges that the blood is not to be stored for personal purposes and will be used for unrelated donor transplants
• That she agrees to be contacted in the future by the bank to obtain information about the health of her child. Donated blood will be excluded from the transplant pool, should the child develop certain medical conditions
A UCB collection kit is then sent to the parents, which they bring to the hospital when the mother goes into labor. Within 48 hours of delivery, maternal blood is drawn to accompany the donated umbilical cord blood. Upon receipt, the public bank will test the maternal blood for hepatitis B and C, HIV 1 and 2, human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2, West Nile virus, and syphilis, as well as hemoglobinopathies. Donations to the public bank are excluded if any of these tests prove positive, if there is an inadequate cell volume, or bacterial or fungal contamination of the UCB. Overall, only one in three donated UCB units are deemed useable by public banks.3
If parents wish to store UCB with a private bank, plans are made prior to the birth, with a contract and a health questionnaire. They also pay for UCB processing and storage, and receive a storage kit.
Following a typical delivery, while waiting for the placenta to deliver the ob/gyn will prep and puncture the umbilical vein with a needle attached to a sterile, closed collection bag containing anticoagulant. The bag is positioned lower than the placenta, and UCB is collected over 10 minutes. The blood is sent by courier to the bank. With public donations, the cord blood undergoes HLA typing as well as tests for blood type and bacterial and fungal cultures. Then it gets processed to separate plasma and cryopreserved at -196º C. UCB donated to a private bank is not subjected to HLA or infectious disease testing before processing and cryopreservation. This will be done if or when a unit is considered for transplantation.
Points to emphasize to parents!
Over four million babies are born in the US each year, and the majority of that UCB is discarded as medical waste. UCB can potentially be life-saving to individuals with medical disorders. Pediatricians are familiar with the medical history of their patients, and can advise expecting parents to store UCB in a private bank or donate it to a public bank.
While storage of UCB for future autologous transplantation may sound like a good idea, it’s unlikely this will be of any future use to the newborn. However, when a sibling or family member has leukemia, hemoglobinopathy, bone marrow failure syndromes, immune deficiency, or an inborn error of metabolism, parents may wish to consider private cord blood banking or directed public cord blood banking. If there is no sibling or family member who might benefit from private donation, parents should be encouraged to donate UCB to a public bank. This might benefit someone else’s child, and will expand the pool of UCB available for transplantation.
Access the Contemporary Pediatrics’ Parent Guide on umbilical cord blood banking .
For more information on cord blood banking, visit our Resources page.
References:
1. American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Hematology/Oncology and Section on Allergy /Immunology: Cord blood banking for potential future transplantation. Pediatrics 2007;119:165
2. Kurtzberg J, Lyerly AD, Sugarman J: Untying the Gordian knot: Policies, practices, and ethical issues related to banking of umbilical cord blood. J Clin Invest 2005;115:2592
3. Moise KJ: Umbilical cord stem cells. Obstet Gyncol 2005;106:1393